Drug Diversion Court: Case Study

Drug Diversion Court Case StudyIntroductionAccording to the Australian Association of Social Workers AASW, amicable workers ar committed to trinity core social values respect for persons, social andice, and professional integrity. Social workers h nonagenarian strong commitments to human rights and social justice, taking into getation the client, family, and the companionship subscribes. In mash, they ar chief(prenominal)ly witnesses of fact or supporters for the client. It is important to under cubicle how human social workers work within the integrity system, and how they advise help to a gr fertiliseer ex disco biscuitt than their clients.Magistrate Courts Intervention Programs have several courts that go fork to tackle the original haves for crime in rank to diminish the chances of recidivism. According to the Courts Administration permission of South Australia website, the Drug Court is in the Adelaide Magistrate Court. The Drug court aims to diminish or/and stop do medicines use, and prevent recidivism. It involves intensive judicial supervision, mandatory drug testing, strict bail conditions, increasing penalties, and treatment and support operate for drug abuser, in order to break the cycles of using drugs and crimes. According to some studies, the Drug court programs be having a positive influence in diminishing re-offending. The Drug Court Program is 12 months with clear and concise rules, and defendants have to comply with them passim the program, or they atomic number 18 sent to custodyThis paper will provide a origin, a case synopsis by describing a case accomplishment observed in the Drug Diversion Court. Second, thither will be a description and identification of the legislation used on the offences. Third, in preventive there is a description of the courts ruling and its purpose. Fourth, the possible social work skills and roles in hindquarters case will be explained. Fin entirelyy, social justice and ethical issue s regarding the case will be described.Case SynopsisThe Drug Diversion Court is located in room 17, on the terce floor of the Magistrate Courts of Adelaide. To enter this room, spate have to ask permission to the security guard. there are approximately 20 chairs, which are occupied by a wee number of attorneys, and the rest by offenders. The plaintiff seats at the right, and the defendant seats on the left side of the room. When the judge enters and leaves the room e actually one(a) has to stand as a symbol of respect. The secretary would give the judge all the cases f erst date(a)s, meanwhile a nonher rung member would read the summary of the case, describing facts, such as the number of drug tests taken, and if they were negative or positive. The judge would give encouraging words to those who passed, or sentences to those who failed the drug treatment program. Reviewing cases was tight. Every offender had to bring their folder, and the lawyer would sit next to them. The p rosecution did non say anything unless she was requesting much than in cookation. thither was also a police officer next to the prosecutor, hearing varyicular cases. Unfortunately, this sidereal mean solar day clip the court was only hearing reviewing cases, only when the prosecution provided me with a copy of Johns case.John go baded the 12-month Treatment Intervention Program on 2014, and was terminate when he removed his substructure handgrip anklet and left a few workweeks subsequently. During his time in the program, his drug tests resulted positive in dirty dognabis, consumed large quantities of alcohol, save a photographic plate detention br separately, did non go to MRT, and lost his program folder. According to the Legal Services Commission of South Australia, the court proceedings would have been the following earlier the defendant appears in court, he should have legal advice. The secretary would introduce the case, the police prosecutor would outline the facts of the case ( presumptuousness to the defendant before the hearing), and if debated, the defendant could question the facts a nonher day. After hearing the facts, John pleaded guilty to the multiple offences. The prosecution so would continue by providing his criminal record in court (which includes felonies since he was 14 for obtaining money to buy drugs) and the prosecution would explain any injury, loss or damaged moved by John. After reading the facts of the case, describing the offences and individualized circumstances of the defendant, the prosecution requested immediate sentence of fetter. Then, the defendants lawyer show dod that Frawleys youth and deficiency of history of openhandedhood are mitigating factors, suggesting a non-parole period in his sentence, and finding that there is potential difference for rehabilitation. After considering all relevant factors of the case, the judge decided to give him a sentence of imprisonment, convicting for each on e offence. In total we has sentenced to 25 months imprisonment.IdentificationThe judge considered s.11 of the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Act, and he considered that other sentences than imprisonment would be inappropriate in Johns case. John was charged with multiple offences which he pleaded guilty. There were five charges for serious criminal trespass and theft. According to the Consolidation Act 1935, he was punished under 20A (a) home invasion, which is criminal trespassing. An offence (other than a serious firearm offence) is regarded a serious offence if the maximum penalization of imprisonment is at least 5 years. In the Criminal Law Consolidation Act (1935) Section 170 Serious criminal trespass in residential buildings is a maximum of 15 years, and if aggravated, imprisonment for vitality. Section 170a Serious criminal trespass in occupied residential building is maximum 3 years, and if aggravated, 5 years. Section 134 Thefts penalty is maximum 10 years.Under the same act, in 19B there can be a deferral of sentence for rehabilitation and other purposes, adjourning the proceedings, and granting bail fit in to the Bail Act 1985. The judge applied 19B when he postponed Johns sentence, and allowed him to enter into the intervention program. He was under the 12-months program of drug intervention. A drug treatment order may be requested by defendants with alcohol or drug problems, and who had pleaded guilty, other than sexual offences. If DTO is suspended or breached, the offender has to ordinarily finish his sentence in custody. One of his crime was breaching the curfew of the bail conditions imposed by the Youth court. Under the Bail Act of 1985 SA, s17 (1) states that non-compliance with bail conditions is an offence, and guilty of max. $10,000 or imprisonment for 2 years.Finally, the judge applied section 18A in sentencing for multiple offences it states that if a guilty defendant has committed several offences, the cr cause can sentence him with on e penalty for all or some of them, without exceeding the total sum of each offences penalties. In total, the judge sentenced him 25 months imprisonment.InterventionAfter taking into consideration the facts and the personal circumstances of John, the judge decided to sentence him with imprisonment, and to convict each offence. The judge explained that he must impose a sentence and disapprove him from reoffending, and others from offending. The judge said that John is promptly an adult and he must take responsibilities of his action, even more(prenominal) so if they are serious crimes. Breaking into the victims home is a serious and frightening experience for them, which they could suffer for galore(postnominal) years, if not their entire life. He is likely to commit another serious offence if not punished, which is suggested by his criminal record.In regards to the prosecution asking for a non-parole period, the judge fixed a low parole-period because of his age and the lack of being in adult custody. By balancing these factors with the gravity of these offences, the judge gave him a non-parole period of one year. The courts try to solve social justice issues, the effectuate of poverty, and the professional and rehabilitation improvements instead of imprisonment. The Drugs Court main destruction is denunciation and rehabilitation. At the beginning, the defendant had the opportunity to rehabilitate, but after breaking the programs conditions, he was fixed a prison sentence. Therefore the court illustrates how their main goals are reached.Social Work RoleJohn is 19 years old and has been reported alcohol and drug history since he was 10 years old. He started stealing and breaking into houses to obtain money to buy drugs since he was 14. He had a traumatic difficult clawhood after his robusther died, and his mother put him into the State care, which he had multiple placements while ontogenesis up. His mother had serious psychiatric and drug history. Bec ause of his history, in order to make progress and have a brilliant future, he will need assistance required by trained counsellors. John had a limited education, thus it is recommended that he studies and finds a job in order to avoid being in State firing institutions. Social workers could help him to calculate and invest in his future, and determine long-term goals to achieve behavior change. Also, Koning Kwant (2008, 64) argue that social workers can address issues like poverty, unemployment, problems with the police, and lack of healthy traffichip in abusers life. Social workers could run programs to improve Frawleys social skills and repair his relationships.Regarding his youth, John could have had help from social workers in order to cope with his traumatic childhood, and maybe prevent his drug addiction. According to Times (2006, p2) social workers should have a heavier involvement with children of drug abusers. For example, in Scotland 5% of all children under 16 have a drug using parent (Times 2006, p3). In addition, Dennis et al (2013, 160) argue that social workers are key for identifying individuals who are prone to be drug addicts, and to treat them with time ahead. Social workers could have had a positive role on Johns life if he was given counselling since he was put into foster homes. There should be a better treatment of these children, in order to empower their future.In Johns case, the social worker can help him by getting him into a program to stop taking drugs in less coercive circumstances. John failed the 12 month program, and it would be necessary to go further into his case and discover the reason for this failure. As Kennedy suggests (2012, 122) the social worker could be a counsellor, rehabilitation consultant, or a drug policy manager. Social workers consider that any person laid-backly motivated can be a law-binding citizen if they fix adequate counselling, and chances to receive academic, vocational, and social education o pportunities (Brownell and Roberts 20022). Therefore, John still has potential to change and pull through peacefully in society, under the right guidance of social workers.Human service workers can also have several roles in courts and tribunals as witness, lay advocates by assisting in devising applications, prepare submissions, and appear on the clients behalf before tribunals (Jo Brocato Wagner 2003, 123). The social worker could be a supporter, arbitrator, negotiator, conciliator, and facilitator (Kennedy et all 2012, 122). Moreover, it would be necessary to help John, because the sentence might have been too rigid. Social workers can motivate John to demand and respect for his human rights. Social workers can help John to review his sentence because it was too rigid for a inveterate abuser, and it is inadequate punishment for not following the conditions of the program.Social justice and ethical issuesJohn started the 12-month Treatment Intervention Program, and was ended wh en he removed his home detention anklet and left a few weeks later. During his time in the program, he had positive drug test results in cannabis, and consumed large quantities of alcohol. Social workers could regard this not as Johns failure to comply with the rules instead than the judicial system is not providing him with the just opportunity to succeed, due to the rigidity of the program.Regarding concerns of social justice, law is insufficient and sometimes compromises human service values. One main concern is that rehabilitation of the addict is many times less important than the primary goal of societal protection. For example, relapse is regarded as a violation of the programs conditions, and the person is withdrawn from the program. But, relapse is a common effect among drug addicts, and it is part of the process to achieve sobriety (Burman 2004, 200). The intervention program seems unfair if they are aiming to change the offenders behavior, but they are displace obstacles to achieve it. Furthermore, Koning et al (2008, 67) argue the emphasis should not be on complete abstinence of using drugs, rather in the improvement of quality of life in drug-prone cities, and more access to rehabilitation treatments for addicts. Therefore, John should fight for his right to be give a real opportunity to change. He is a chronic abuser since he was 10, and a rigid and harsh program wont provide him with the tools to succeed. Substance abuse programs are a good alternative to incarceration, but they need to be adapted for substance abusers and their long-lasting recovery.According to the Courts Administration Authority of South Australia website, there is research stating that abusers who have been imposed treatment are as likely to succeed as those who entered voluntarily. On the other hand, Burman (2004, 199) suggests that coercive programs lead to short-change-term success, because the social control can compromise the freeness to behavioral and attitude chang e. Furthermore, Jo Brocato Wagner (2003, 123) argue that social workers have the ethical concern of obeying the law and in promoting the clients self-determination. They claim that true change in behavior must be voluntary, and that the intervention program should change to be more consistent to values of self-determination and social justice. In order to succeed, the authors claim that offenders need to establish their own objectives, and to learn how to solve their problems, and achievement should be based on their own goals, not imposed ones.Another concern is the proportionality in sentencing, where the punishment cannot be greater than the offence. In Johns case, it seems unfair to be punished by imprisonment. Although he had a positive result in the drug tests, he did not commit a crime against another person, and imprisonment wont help with his recovery, it could make it worse. Social workers would consider it unfair to have a rigid intervention program, without second chanc es, and to have a harsh penalty of imprisonment if failure to follow the program. Incarceration does not seem proportional as a punishment as a result of not following the conditions of the intervention program.ConclusionsThere are social expectations to denounce crimes and rehabilitate offenders. The public wants to see a decrease in crime rates, and feel more save in the community under a punitive system. The judge convicted John of each of his offences with imprisonment after not following the conditions of the program. Social workers would suggest a more rehabilitative based model, where the demand of the offender are also met, and there is a better balance of priorities in society. Consequently, in order to protect the clients human rights and achieve social justice, social workers would recommend not having a rigid program, where there is no need of complete abstinence, and there is more self-determination in their goals. They believe, that under a voluntary program, there wo uld be true change in drug abuser offenders, and could promote a better quality of life and society well-being.But it is also important to consider the ethical issues of the individual, as well as the rights of the other members of society. If the results of intervention programs have resulted in a reduction of crime, it is important to continue to develop this kind of programs. But, on the other hand, the cases when these programs have failed, need to be revised, in order to understand better the reasons for this situation and make the necessary changes. fleshiness Causes and effectsObesity Causes and effectsThis paper is to inform one how important it is to be educated on the causes and affects of corpulency. It will answer how one can catch the early signs of corpulency and come upon the symptoms in themselves or others. There are many causes for fleshiness and it is important to k today these causes so that one can prevent the disease from affecting their lives. Obesity can affect ones social, psychological, health, and health and wellness lives. Obesity can be a fatal disease causing many deaths not only in America but or so the world. Obese people have many disadvantages in life. Some can not get health insurance if they are too overweight, they make on average, less money than people who are not cogent. Preventing obesity in society can save many lives around the world. Physical education, healthy eating habits and regular exercise can be a key prevention of obesity. The teaching system around America needs to take a stronger role in the health and prevention of this disease, but the key people in ones life in preventing obesity is the parents. Parents play a key role in a childs life, they must regulate what their children eat and the activities they participate in each day. Preventing obesity is not a one day job, it is a long process and a lifestyle. ObesityObesity is a educateing problem in our world and is one of the most rapidly growing dis eases in children, teens and adults. Obesity has many definitions and many ways in which it can be interpreted. There are also many signs and symptoms of obesity which give doctors and parents time to prevent the fatal disease. Many things cause obesity in children, teens and adults and the effects can be deadly. People need to start noticing signs and take action for, not only themselves, but for their children as well, for a happier, healthier, and more normal life.Obesity is a growing concern in our world and in some cases can be predicted in infants. There are patterns amongst infants that show signs of obesity. Infants that grow faster than others have a greater take a chance of becoming obese than infants that do not grow asfast. Fast growing children, whether it be in height or weight gain, are more likely to be overweight later on in life. There is no set evidence that infants who grow faster become obese but faster growing infants do eat more food for thought. Growth is d riven by a childs craving and dietary stirring is a main risk factor in obesity. Studies have shown that the older the obese child is, the more likely that child is to become obese as an adult. Studies have proven that 25-80 percent of obese children become obese as adults (Lissau, 2007).Obesity is a very traumaful disease that can be prevented, but will require a pass around of work from the whole family. childishness obesity is defined as having a fleshly structure mass might equal to or more than the eighty fifth percentile of the age and sex activity (Whitaker, Wright, Pepe, Seidel, Heights 2008). Obesity is an imbalance between energy expenditure and dietary energy intake. Many people in society often have imitation obesity and being overweight as the same thing. Being overweight means that the body mass index is over twenty five, and being obese means the body mass index is over 30. The only similarity between being overweight and obese is the fact that both can harm a persons health. Weight gain occurs when you take in more calories than your body uses during a certain time period. If the food you eat provides more calories than your body needs, whence the calories that are left over transfer into fat. There are three stages to childhood obesity late fetal development with overweight at birth, during the beat up period at five and vi years old, and during the adolescence. (Whitaker, Wright, Pepe, Seidel, Heights). It is important to catch obesity early in these stages or it may become more difficult.There are many reasons as to why kids around the world are obese. Diet, tangible activity, and familial psychosocial environment are three risk factors for childhood obesity. A cause for obesity can be early infant weight gain. This is a risk factor for childhood and adult obesity (Cole 2007). Smoking while pregnant reduces the birth weight of an infant but it increases post natal weight gain which is a cause of obesity. (Cole 2007). When a chi ld gains a lot of weight early on, it is a sign that they will become obese rather than gaining weight at a steady pace.In an issue of Acta Paediatrica, it shows that reflection television, having obese parents, and having a high birth weight increases the chance for obesity (Elanson-Albertsson Zetterstrom, 2005). In most cases it is not the childs fault that they are overweight but the parents of that child. The parents are the strongest factor for childhood obesity and both parents are equally effective. The lifestyle a parent gives their kid is a major factor as to how one will grow up. If a parent does not enforce exercise and personal activity they are more likely to become obese. consume habits are a large factor in whether or not a child becomes obese. If the parent does not control the foods they eat and how much they eat the risk of obesity rises. Some parents buy a lot of junk food for the house and when children are hungry they will be more likely to lease junk food r ather than a healthy snack. It is twenty-five to thirty percent more likely that children with obese parents will become obese themselves. When children grow up in an environment with bad eating habits they are thirty-three percent more likely to become obese as young teenagers (Cole 2007).Eating habits do not just come from parents, but can be caused by emotions as well. As a teenager there are many antithetical situations that can occur in life, these may be sensitive experiences or changes that a teenager can experience. Their changes and experiences can in truth cause a change in emotions, especially when a teenager is going by puberty. Some teenagers overeat because they are depressed, angry, or even because they are bored. Adolescents who suffer from effect are at a greater risk of becoming obese, and staying obese. Women usually tend to be more emotional and as teenagers they are going through many new experiences that can cause these emotions. A study shows that women at ages six to twelve are three times more obese now than they were thirty years ago.Two main factors to consider when decreasing the chances for obesity are dieting and activity. These help balance each others energy and help people live a healthier lifestyle. A way to protect children from obesity is to breast feed them. A formula fed baby has a high risk of being obese. Two alternatives to explain recent obesity trends are programming of appetite has changed, and appetite in some children is up regulated. And Programming of appetite is unchanged, but hungry children now get overweight due to the obesogenic environment. (Cole, 2006 pg 3).The San Jose study focused on decreasing the amount of time spent in wait of the television, and they increased the amount of physical activity in children and saw a decrease in obesity and the chances for obesity in the children. When the children watched less television the intake of sugar and carbonated beverages decreased. The children ate m ore fruits and vegetables end-to-end the day, when they spent time watching T.V. The children that were studied also had a change in their attitudes. The children seemed happier and more willing to do physical activities in there everyday lives. They also had an increase in there social lives and found they were more will to make new friends and it was easier to expand the groups of friends they had. (Lissau, 2007).Mossberg conducted a study in 1989 involving a number of obese children. After forty years Mossberg did a follow up with those children and found that a large number were still obese. Mossberg also found that these adults had a normal food intake and this shows that methods for reducing obesity and being overweight should be started at a young age. It is much harder to reduce obesity in adults than to start when one sees the first signs of obesity in children.Another main cause of obesity is environmental factors. In the world today the environment really has a huge impa ct on peoples lives especially when it comes to teenagers. In the modern world, technology has really come a long ways so children and teenagers are relying more on technology to keep them entertained. This can be harmful to their health. Teenagers today are spending a lot more time interacting with technology than they should. These sedentary behaviors include video games, television, movies, and internet. Children who watch television and videos have been found to have a higher body mass index. By watching television and playing video games, the energy balance in a person decreases the energy expenditure, reduces resting metabolic rate, and increases energy intake. Also, many people eat while watching TV and are not doing any physical activity to work off what they eat. This allows the food to sit and turn to fat, increasing the chances of obesity. There are many commercials on television that advertise fast food and restaurants making it more likely for a person to go buy these foods rather than cook a healthy meal (Nowicka 2007). Television viewing has been linked to obesity, smoking, poor fitness and raised cholesterin in adulthood. Reducing television viewing and increasing physical activity may not be enough to reduce the chances of obesity. Gender, age, ethnicity and body mass index are variables in how much they are connect to sedentary behavior.Most children and teenagers also tend to eat out at fast food restaurants more often than they should. In result of this, they have less control over how much fat, sugar, and salts are in the foods they are eating. Fast food restaurants are also staying open even later than before. With these restaurants staying open late it really accommodates the food cravings that teenagers may have no matter what time of the day it may be. These fast food restaurants also encourage super-sizing your meals for a better quite a little, which adds more unnecessary calories and it proves to be cheaper. Children experience m oney now as an important part of life so if it appears that super sizing a meal will save some money they are going to feel that it is a better deal even though in the end it is really harmful to their health. Fast food restaurants are very common choices for families because they are so busy that do not have time to sit down and eat a home cooked meal so they stop and get something quick. With this busy schedule it creates a change in the eating habits that the children had before they got their license or got more involved.Hilde Bruch was one of the first people to say that obesity was not just related to body mass index and weight. It affects many psychological aspects of a person such aspsychiatric health, psychiatric disorders, social maladjustment, and conflicts and tension in relations to the family of that person (Elanson-Albertsson Zetterstrom, 2005). The psychological complications of obesity are most related to teenagers. Research has shown just how important it is to te enagers to maintain a physical appearance, athletic skills, and be recognized with what one wears (Lissau, 2007). People who are obese are proven to have friends who are also obese. It is also proven that obese people do not make as much money as people who are skinny or not obese. They have a lower self think up and have a harder time developing relationships with other people (Lissau). fresh teenage girls in our society today are obsessed with their body image. This obsession can come from many different sources. Teenage girls may feel pressure from peers about their physical appearance because each person has different features that make them who they are. Often times people feel jealous because there is always someone in school that they wish they could look like. Girls become very competitive when it comes to the way that they present themselves and it can be a challenge if they feel someone has a better body. Not only is there pressure from peers that cause an obsession in body appearance, but the celebrities they see on television, or in movies have an impact as well. These women shown in the media are portrayed as what everyone should look like.In the United States, the amount of obese teenage women almost doubles that of obese men. Studies have shown that more than one-third of women are obese. Girls spend more time talking on the phone and listening to music while boys spend more time watching television and playing video games. Boys are also involved in more physical activity at all ages. Decreasing sedentary behavior in children can be just as effective as increasing the physical activity in a person (Nowicka, 2007).The school environment is a key place to start with obesity prevention. The schooling systems, especially in America, have low priority on healthy eating. Schools lack food and healthy meal support and the staff is unmotivated to add extra activities and lectures about nutrition. There is little supervision to what students are eati ng. In the United States vending machines are located in c unload to 98 percent of the schools. (Lissau 2007) Re piteous vending machines will help decrease the chances of having junk food and carbonated drinks.Schools need to start preventing obesity by bringing activities to the children and making them a requirement. The only time children in school are not sitting down is during breaks or during physical education. In most cases a physical education class is less than an hour and only a few times a week. The length of time should be increased each week and the amount of times the breaks occur should be increased as well. Also, many students are enrolled in after school day care programs and by putting more physical activity into after school events would decrease the chance for obesity (Lissau).Physical activity has a major impact on body composition and metabolism making it a key treatment and prevention of obesity. It increases energy expenditure maintains lean body mass, and increases mobilization as well as burning body fat. Physical activity also has other benefits. One must have physical activity for normal growth, development of cardio respiratory endurance, muscle-builder strength, flexibility, motor skills, and agility. Activities such as manner of walking, jumping, and weight lifting help bone development as well. Physical activity in children and adolescence has not just been proven to be a good thing. It also has some downfalls as well. Changes in energy expenditure or energy intake can occur at censorious times in development in infants or adolescence and it can result in energy imbalance.Physical activity can have a different impact on different groups, such as male and female, ethnic groups, active and inactive. Different individuals will be impacted differently. World Health plaque recommends a minimum of thirty minutes a day of moderate physical activity. Moderate physical activity is defined as activity that requires three to six tim es as much energy as the energy needed in a resting state ( Nowicka, 2006). For children and adolescence, World Heath Organization recommends an redundant twenty minutes of vigorous physical activity at least three times a week. Vigorous physical activity requires more than six METs, such as jogging and running at least 8.0 km per hour (Nowicka, 2006). Nordic Nutrition Recommendations recommends an hour of activity should include moderate and physical intensity but it can be divided out throughout the day (Nowicka).A study conducted by the National Weight Registry shows how maintaining a healthy diet and physical activity affects overweight and obese people. They studied successful and unsuccessful weight loss treatments. Ones dietary intake and the amount of physical activity are the main weight maintainers in adults and children. Adults maintain weight easier with more physical activity than children need. Having a low fat intake workings better than physical activity for mainta ining weight in children. The study also showed that the heavier and younger the subject was, the more weight that was lost. Boys also had a tendency to lose more weight than females in the long term weight maintenance.Catching the early signs of obesity gives one the opportunity to prevent the disease. Managing obesity is based on lifestyles where physical activity and behavior is a key target. Physical activity is a key treatment and prevention to obesity and should be a main focus of children and adolescence. Obesity is also decreased by sleeping longer, high education of your parents, and having more siblings ( Elanson-Albertsson Zetterstrom, 2005).It is important to have a variety of activity each day. Getting only one form of activity each day will only work certain muscles in the body. A popular form of activity for obese patients has been resistance training. Resistance training helps improve musculoskeletal fitness. Working various muscles is a key solution to decreasing b ody fat and lowering the amount of obesity in the world. Physical education classes may be the only way some children get any activity throughout the day. Physical education teachers are very important role models for children and it is important for them to stress the importance of physical activity (Nowicka, 2006).The table below shows how a child can get in the suggested one hour of physical activity each day. If one gets in an hour a day it can be a major factor to prevent obesity in the world. Limiting time spent watching television and playing video games has reduced the amount of overweight children. There are many ways to get in one hour of physical activity each day. Walking to school and then home from school is a great way to exercise for twenty to thirty minutes. Also, cleaning a room in the house allows you to be moving and bending over. Climbing stairs is a great way to get in physical activity, walking to a friends rather than driving, going shopping and walking the d o g. Avoiding rides to school, watching television, and avoiding playing video games will help accomplish ones goal of completing the one hour recommended amount of exercise each day (Nowicka, 2006).Table 2 Examples of how everyday activities can be accumulated during a common dayExample 1.How can a child accumulate 1 h of everyday activitiesWalks to school- 10 minPlays during breaks- 20 minWalks home from school- 10 minCleans room- 10 minWalks to meet friends- 10 min summation 60 minExample 2.How can a child accumulate 1 h of everyday activitiesRides bike to school- 5 minWalks and talks during breaks- 20 minRides bike home from school- 5 minGoes shopping- 10 minWalks the dog- 20 minTotal 60 minIn the Untied States 15.5% of teenagers are overweight. Being overweight as a teenager can lead to three different diseases as an adult these can be type two diabetes, sleep apnea, and heart attack. A heart attack is not as common as the other two, but can still be dangerous. The first dise ase is type two diabetes. This is a disease that affects the metabolism when a person eats sugar, which is the bodys main source of fuel. If a person has type two diabetes, it is very difficult for their body to keep a normal glucose level. If this disease is not treated correctly it could be life threatening. As of right now there is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but there are many things that can be done to help control it. A person can eat healthier foods, and add some type of exercise to their daily routine. It is best to get this under control as a teenager, because as a teenager it is easier to change a persons lifestyle, and it will be more effective in the future. A disease can be very harmful a person in the future.Sleep apnea is another disease that is a major risk in a persons life and can cause early death due to obesity. Sleep apnea is a serious breathing disorder which can cause a person to stop breathing for short periods of time during sleep, and cause drowsiness duri ng the day. Obesity also causes blood pressure to rise, and because of the high blood pressure it causes the heart to over work, and weakens the heart muscle. This causes the blood vessels to harden, which creates a greater chance of getting a blood clot increase, which makes it more likely to have a stroke or heart attack.Even though there are medical situations that can harm a person as a result from obesity there are some well(p) medical treatments. Gastric bypass mathematical process is an option for many people to lose the weight fast. Many people these days are turning to gastric bypass surgery. Gastric bypass surgery is a permanent treatment to help obese people lose a certain amount of weight. This surgery is more common for adults, but some doctors feel that it could be helpful for teenagers as well. Gastric bypass surgery makes the stomach smaller, and allows food to bypass the small intestine. It helps a person feel full faster than usual, and results in fewer calories being absorbed, which leads to weight loss.A study was held where Leptin was infused in rats when they were born and they grew up to be leaner adults. Leptin is a hormone that regulates the body weight and metabolism. Although this raises ethical issues, giving newborns a shot of leptin when born will set them up for a more lean future. This may seem dramatic when there are healthy and natural ways of preventing obesity.Different organs of the body have drives or cravings for different types of food. The brain has the highest energy requirement of any of the organs. The total consumption of the brain is forty percent of newborn infants and twenty five percent in children and ten percent in adults. Because America has so many types of food available, the choice of fat and carbohydrates are around forty five percent each. ( Elanson-Albertsson Zetterstrom, 2005). Foods that are high in fat and sucrose are more satisfying than other types of foods and it is easier to overeat and becom e obese. Sucrose that is in a fluid has more potential to trigger your appetite than sucrose in a solid food (Elanson-Albertsson Zetterstrom, 2005).Obesity is an imbalance between energy expenditure and dietary energy intake. There are many variables that cause obesity in our society and there are many affects that go along with this disease. Preventing obesity must be started at a young age and parents must take action in giving their child a healthier lifestyle. Teens must avoid the pressures of society and be smart about the health choices they make. In order to make progress in preventing obesity schools need to educate the children more about its causes and its deadly affects, but most importantly how to prevent it. Keeping a healthy diet and regular exercise decreases ones chance of obesity and will help one live a healthier and happier life.ReferencesCole, 2007, Early causes of child obesity and implications for preventions, 2-4, Retrieved April 12th 2008, http//web.ebscohos t.com/ehost/pdf?vid=6hid=108sid=5536f511-b9fc-4551-9d4a-44b312dac852%40sessionmgr106Cole, Bellizzi, Flegal, Dietz, 2000, Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide international survey, Retrieved April 11, 2008, http//www.bmj.com/cgi/ reissue/320/7244/1240Deforche, De Bourdeaudhuij, tanghe, debode, hills, bouckaert, 2004, Role of physical activity and eating behaviour in weight control after treatment in severely obese children and adolescents, Retrieved April 12th, 2008, http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=11hid=114sid=adeb569d-7792-42b8-a6e3-94f22e8572f1%40sessionmgr104Erlanson-Albertsson and Zetterstrom, The global obesity epidemic Snacking and obesity may start with free meals during infant feeding, 1523-1531, Retrieved April 18th, 2008, http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=14hid=113sid=5536f511-b9fc-4551-9d4a-44b312dac852%40sessionmgr106Lissau, 2007, Prevention of overweight in the school arena, Retrieved April 12th, 2008, http//web.ebscoh ost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=16hid=114sid=adeb569d-7792-42b8-a6e3-94f22e8572f1%40sessionmgr104Nowicka, Dietitians and exercise professionals in a childhood obesity treatment team, 23-29, Retrieved April 18th, 2008, http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=21hid=116sid=5536f511-b9fc-4551-9d4a-44b312dac852%40sessionmgr106Nowicka, Physical activity-key issues in treatment of childhood obesity, 39-45, retrieved April 11th 2008, http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=10hid=8sid=5536f511-b9fc-4551-9d4a-44b312dac852%40sessionmgr106Schwartz and Brownell, Actions Necessary to Prevent Childhood Obesity Creating the Climate for Change, 78-87, Retrieved April 12, 2008, http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=28hid=116sid=5536f511-b9fc-4551-9d4a-44b312dac852%40sessionmgr106Whitaker, Wright, Pepe, Seidel, Heights, 2008, Predicting Obesity in Young Adulthood from Childhood and Parental Obesity, Retrieved April 11, 2008, https//content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/337/13/869.Yaussi, The Obesity Epidemic, 105-10 8, Retrieved April 13th, 2008, http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=32hid=16sid=5536f511-b9fc-4551-9d4a-44b312dac852%40sessionmgr106